The NANOFEU project supported by the French Research Agency (ANR) aims to characterise the fire behaviour of nanoparticles filled polymer materials. Day after day, new applications of nanoparticles appear in industry. Among multiple applications in various domains, the role played by nanostructures particularly in combustion and flame retardancy phenomena needs to be quantified by modelling, experimental and numerical validations, since the use of these new components is increasing to upgrade polymer performances. Their employment could represent nowadays a valuable alternative or could be used in synergy with the conventional flame retardants systems. Nanocomposites based on several categories of polymers will be designed, incorporating suitable nanoparticles. Multiscale modelling of material, investigation of thermal degradation processes, and influence of interfacial modifications of nanoparticles, characterisation of effluents, particles released (size and morphology) and smoke toxicity will be made, developing original experimental and numerical means. We will particularly focus on fire performance, smoke toxicity and morphological modification of particles in the effluents, to weight the various impacts of the introduction of these nanofillers. A traceability of nanoparticles affected by combustion will be done through the analysis of effluents. In a first part, this paper includes a detailed presentation of the project by clarifying the partners' roles and objectives expected at the end of the project. In a second part, the foreseen experimental and numerical tools will be developed in order to improve the knowledge of mechanisms involved in combustion.